Дистанційне навчання 6-D 02/04/2021 Pace Work ( Word Building))

 Friday, the second of April

Theme: Word-formation 

Today we'll learn about endings in English. We are going to do some tasks to improve your knowledge.

1. Presentation of new material

T.: Now, let's learn some new concepts on the topic.

I'll give you the cards (card#1). You have to read and study the rules.

Word-formation – the process of forming words by combining root and affixal morphemes according to certain patterns specific for the language (affixation, composition), or without any outward means of word formation (conversion, semantic derivation).

●       Is a branch of science of the language, which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words)

●       It’s a process of forming words by combining root & affixal morphemes.

●       According to certain patterns specific for the language or without any outward means.

(conversion)

2 major groups of word formation:

1) Words formed as grammatical syntagmas, combinations of full linguistic signs (types: compounding (словосложение), prefixation, suffixation, conversion, and back derivation)

2) Words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full linguistic signs.

Common for both groups is that a new word is based on synchronic relationship between morphemes.

Different types of word formation:

COMPOUNDING is joining together 2 or more stems.

Types:

1) Without a connecting element

    headache, heartbreak

2) With a vowel or consonant as a linking element

     speedometer, craftsman

3) With a preposition or conjunction as a linking element

    down-and-out (в ужасном положении, опустошенный)

    son-in-law

PREFIXATION

●       Prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words. But are they not with independent existence.

●       Native prefixes have developed out of independent words; there is a small number of them.

   a-

   be-

   mid-

   fore-

   mis-

SUFFIXATION

●       A suffix is a derivative final element, which is or was productive in forming new words.

●       It has semantic value, but doesn’t occur as an independent speech use.

●       The contact of English with foreign languages has led to the adoption of countless foreign words, which started to be used in word building.

→ we have many hybrid types of derivatives.

A hybrid is a word different element of which are of etymologically different origin.

2 groups:

1) A foreign word is combined with a native affix

     - full

     - less

     - ness

       clearness, faithless, faithful

2) Foreign affixes are added to native words

     - ance

     - al

     - ity

     - able

CONVERSION

(zero derivation)

●       A certain stem is used for the formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being added.

     Bag – to bag

     Back – to back

     Bottle – to bottle

●       This specific pattern is very productive in English

●       The most popular types are noun → verb or verb → noun